Energy from Biological Processes

This assessment responds to a request by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation for an evaluation of the energy potential of various sources of plant and animal matter (biomass). This report complements an earlier OTA report on the Application of Solar Technology to Today's Energy Needs in evaluating the major solar energy resources available to the United States. The findings also will serve as part of the material to be used in an upcoming OTA assessment of synthetic fuels for transportation. Volume I presents analyses of prominent biomass issues, summaries of four biomass fuel cycles, a description of biomass' place in two plausible energy futures, and discussions of policy options for promoting energy from biomass. The four fuel cycles--wood, alcohol fuels, grasses and crop residues, and animal wastes--were chosen because of their near- to mid-term energy potential and because of the public interest in them. Volume II presents the technical and environmental analyses on which the conclusions of Volume I are based. The "Part I: Biomass Resource Base" includes forestry, agriculture processing wastes, and various unconventional sources including oil-bearing and aquatic plants. "Part II: Conversion Technologies and End Uses" considers thermochemical conversions, fermentation for ethanol production, anaerobic digestion, use of alcohol fuels, select energy balances, and a brief description of chemical from biomass. In each case, appropriate technical, economic, and environmental details are presented and analyzed.