Functional Programming using Scala

Scala was developed by Martin Odersky (2003). Scala is a true object-oriented language. In Scala all the values are objects and all operations are methods. The characteristics of Scala are (a) scalable and multi-paradigm language, (b) supports both functional and object-oriented concepts, (c) concise, and type-safe. Many authors claim that Scala codes are clearer, concise, and less error-prone than Java. Applications of Scala programming are immense: in engineering, medical science, management, social network, election and voting system, and bioinformatics to name a few. This book aims at providing the reader with a detailed description of the various concepts of functional and object-oriented programming using simple examples. In Scala independent units can be run parallelly hence e?cient parallel computing can be implemented easily. Moreover, nowadays Big data implementation can be implemented easily using Scala programming. In this book we have implemented various concepts of Scala programming with proper and brief examples. We have covered functional as well as object-oriented concepts with simple examples so that a person with little programming exposure can understand all such concepts. Mostly we used statistics and probability techniques to solve the problems. We sincerely hope that the readers will ?nd this book useful. In this book total ten chapters are there. The ?rst chapter consists of basics of functional programming with the reference of Scala programming. How to install Scala and how to run simple program using IDE or using command prompt. Next, we discussed about basics of Scala programming (chapter 2) where we have discussed about keywords, identi?ers, variables, data types, literals operators etc. In the third chapter conditional statements and loops are discussed. The collections ((Array, List, Set, Tuple, Map, Iterator, Vector, and String) are discussed in the fourth chapter. In Scala functions are the ?rst class citizens, here in chapter 5, various functions and associated operations on function are discussed. Tail recursion, nested function, anonymous functions, partially applied functions, currying functions are introduced in this chapter. Moreover, in chapters 6, 7, and 8 object-oriented concepts like methods, class-object, inheritance and traits-packages are discussed. In chapter 9, few interesting concepts like patter matching, case classes, extractor, annotations are discussed. Finally, exception handing, ?le input and output are discussed in chapter 10.